Water Biomes :: Environment Ecology

Water Biomes Marshland is covered with grasses, reeds, sedges, and cattails. These plants all have their roots in soil covered or saturated with water and its leaves held above water.Marshes may be freshwater or salt. Freshwater marshes develop along the shallow edges of lakes and slow-moving rivers, forming when ponds and lakes become filled with sediment. Salt marshes occur on coastal tidal flats. Inland salt marshes occupy the edges of lakes. They affect the supply of nutrients, the movement of water, and the type and deposition of sediment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salt marshes are best developed on the Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe. In eastern North America the low marsh is dominated by a single species, salt-marsh cordgrass. The high marsh consists of a short cordgrass called hay, spike grass, and glasswort. Glasswort is the dominant plant of Pacific Coast salt marshes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freshwater marshes provide nesting and wintering habitats for waterfowl and shorebirds, muskrats, frogs, and many aquatic insects. Salt marshes are wintering grounds for snow geese and ducks, a nesting habitat for herons and rails, and a source of nutrients for estuarine waters. Marshes are important in flood control, in sustaining high-water tables, and as settling basins to reduce pollution downstream. Despite their great environmental value, marshes are continually being destroyed by drainage and filling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marine Life, plants and animals of the sea, from the high-tide mark along the shore to the depths of the ocean. These organisms fall into three major groups: the benthos, plants such as kelp and animals such as brittle stars that live on or depend on the bottom; the nekton, swimming animals such as fishes and whales that move independently of water currents; and plankton, various small to microscopic organisms that are carried along by the currents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shore Life, the essentially marine organisms that inhabit the region bounded on one side by the height of the extreme high tide and on the other by the height of the extreme low tide. Within these boundaries organisms face a severe environment imposed by the rise and fall of tides. For up to half of a 24-hour period, the environment is marine; the rest of the time it is exposed, with terrestrial extremes in temperature and the drying effects of wind and sun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life on rocky shores, best developed on northern coasts, is separated into distinct zones that reflect the length of time each zone is exposed. At the highest position on the rocks is the black zone, marked by blue-green algae. This transition area between land and the marine environment is flooded only during the high spring. Below the black zone lies the white zone, where

Jury Nullification

I  certify that  the attached  paper,  which was  produced for  the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section.This paper includes no  trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet, which I do not have written permission to include. I further agree that my name typed  on the line below is intended to have, and shall have the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's  signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature):    Debra Bush, Sherrolyn Newel, and John Sydney Abstract This paper will focus on race-based jury nullification as one of the remaining barriers to racial equality in the American system of justice.The paper will also focus on examples of past and present-day race-based jury nullification and shows how the exercise of race-base jury nullification is an ongoing source of controversy in American life. The controversy emanates from a lack of direct goals within the system. Finally, the paper will conclude by indicating that because of racial biases or motives, a jury may not always vote according to the facts presented. Jury Nullification Jury nullification is a jury that believes that a defendant is guilty of charges but on his or her own reason decide a non-guilty verdict.The jurors believe that the law is unjust and refuses to convict an individual even if there is proof of guilt. The reason can involve the jurors view on unjustness and injustice because of the race of the individual. Nullification is very controversial when it concerns race. Supporters of race-based nullification believe that black juries should acquit Black defendants for no n violent offense even when the evidence of guilt is clear (Cato, 1999). Supporters believe that Black American should participate in race-based jury nullification to bring changes in how justice handles minority cases (Jermal, 1997).Supporters believe that the system is set to arrest Blacks for economic crimes and allow child molesters, rapist, and murders go free. This injustice takes a toll on minorities and the faith they have in the criminal justice system. Several examples of race base nullification include * Harriett Tubman guilt of multiple Federal charges by violating Federal slave laws * Drug possession cases that involve three strike a person is out sentence. A third felony will grant a life sentence.Jury for nullification believe a harsh sentence is unjust than violating the act of the law * In Albany, N. Y. 11 white decided that an African American was guilty of distributing cocaine. The 12th juror, an African American, refused to convict because the juror was sympathet ic to African American who struggle to make a living * An all black jury acquitted an African American man accused of murder. The majority decided the man was guilty but returned a not guilty verdict Supporters for race-based jury nullification want fairness concerning laws for minority groups.Raced-based jury nullification hinges on two truths: (a) a juror cannot convict on a verdict that the renders, and (b) the Fifth Amendment concerning double jeopardy when the system cannot retry a defendant. Supporters for race-based jury nullification believe race is a strong factor for the high numbers of acquittal in criminal cases. Race-based jury nullification, as one would say, is a long time thorn in the side of both prosecutors and defense attorneys. Jury nullification is simply a jury who believes the defendant is guilty of the charges but for his or her own reasons decided to handout a non-guilty verdict (Rivera, 2006).Jury nullification can take many forms. For example, race-based j ury nullification may take the form of race, religion, and in some cases gender. However, based on the Cato Policy Report the nullification rest solely on the race of the defendant (Rivera, 2006). A strong supporter of race-based jury nullification is Paul Butler a graduate from Yale with a J. D. from Harvard and is currently a law professor at George Washington University. Butler believes that â€Å"Black juries should acquit black defendants for nonviolent offenses even when the evidence of guilt is clear† (Cato, 1999).On the surface, this may seem like the right thing to do after so many years of abuse by the system toward Blacks; but race-based jury nullification goes against everything the justice system stands for. Many jurors are using race nullification as a way of redemption for the years of the imprisonment of Blacks just because of their race. In 1991, a visiting Jewish scholar, Yankel Rosenbaum, suffered a fatal stab wound in Brooklyn by a black mob outraged that a Black youngster had been run over and killed by a religious Jewish motorcade. Rosenbaum lived long enough to identify Lemrick Nelson Jr. s the stabber, but a largely black jury did not convict Nelson. Later, some jury members went partying with Nelson to celebrate the acquittal. Nelson subsequently moved to Georgia, where he received a conviction for slashing a schoolmate (Leo, 1995). Another famous case called the most outre case of race-based jury nullification was the trial of Marion Barry, the second-term mayor of the District of Columbia. Barry received a conviction for drug possession and perjury, despite that he was obviously guilty of at least one of the 14 charges–he smoked cocaine on FBI videotape. Black prosecutors wanted their office to lose its case.The theory was that prosecution of Barry was another racist act by the law. Barry received a conviction on one of the 14 charges pending against him – a misdemeanor charge for possessing cocaine in November 1 989. Jurors acquitted him of one of the other charges – of possessing cocaine in September 1988. On the other 12 charges, jurors were so deeply and passionately divided they could not reach a verdict. â€Å"I believe the government was out for Marion Barry,† one juror said. U. S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson declared a mistrial on the 12 deadlocked charges (Washington Post).Barry eventually received a sentence of six months in prison in October 1990. Professor Andrew Leipold wrote in the Virginia Law Review view â€Å"That in his opinion the doctrine of nullification exerts more influence over the criminal justice system than one may expect. He argues that jury nullification imposes costs on the system even when it is not exercised; because of procedural rules, permit its possible use by a jury (O’Neill). Jurors must perform their duties properly and justly. They must take the situation seriously and must not make a decision based on their personal be liefs, but instead base their decision on the facts presented.Jury nullification is certainly a controversial topic that has many critics, especially those who claim that such an approach is disrespectful to the letter of the law. Because of these principles, The Fully Informed Jury Association came into existence in 1989 with the goal of protecting and publicizing the right of juries to nullify (Lal). This is not to say that there is anything wrong with allowing Latino or African American communities to deliver judgment matters according to his or her own standards, especially when the traditional criminal justice system certainly has done the American community an unequal disservice.The justice system is set up to be fair and impartial to all people. Although the system is set up to be fair, race-based nullification goes against these ideals. Nullification comes with many flaws one of which is incarcerate the innocent and set the guilty free. Conclusion The team examined the issue s of race-based jury nullification and concluded that external factors such as race, religion, or gender are ongoing sources of controversy in the American system of justice.The team believes that although some critics applaud the practice that a jury, as a symbol of law should represent diverse community interests and that no single set of values or biases control decision making. As a consequent, the team opposes race-based jury nullification on the premise that persons selected as trier of facts should demonstrate to society that persons charged of criminal wrongdoing are guilty on the basis of evidence presented.Although the team opposes such practice, the team also realizes that public respect and trust for persons selected as trier of facts will remain high within the American system of justice.

Enron Research Paper - 2224 Words

Enron Research Paper In 2001, the world was shocked by the demise of Enron, a multibillion dollar corporation that had thousands of employees and people that had affiliations with the company including The White House itself. Because of the financial chaos and destroyed lives and reputations this catastrophe left in its path, questions arose concerning how exactly it happened, why it occurred, and who was behind it. It is essential to understand how this multibillion dollar corporation rose to power and later imploded. Enron itself was born as the result of Houston’s Natural Gas and InterNorth, a gas based pipeline company from Nebraska in 1985. In the final analysis, the conspiracy of Kenneth Lay, Jeffery Skilling, and others, including†¦show more content†¦Beyond the dollars and cents, the Enron catastrophe offers a new textbook example of failed ethics in business. Individuals are responsible for their actions; unethical or illegal individual actions are systems of systemic problems, a nd Enron’s system of accountability, oversight, ethical disclosure and corporate concerns were flawed. The corporate culture at Enron exemplified values of risk taking, aggressive growth, and entrepreneurial creativity. Although these can be positive values, they were not balanced by genuine attention to corporate integrity and value. Since the culture at Enron was not wellShow MoreRelatedEnron Research Paper3111 Words   |  13 PagesTHE COLLAPSE OF ENRON amp; THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SARBANES OXLEY ACT BY TREVOR GARRETT 02/25/2011 Abstract Enron Corporation was one of the largest energy trading, natural gas and Utilities Company in the world that was based in Huston, Texas. The downfall of Enron is one of the most infamous and shocking events in the financial world, and its reverberations were felt around the globe. 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